Every file system being exported to remote users via NFS, as well as the access level for those file systems, are listed in the /etc/exports file. When the nfs service starts, the /usr/sbin/exportfs command launches and reads this file, and passes to rpc.mountd and rpc.nfsd the file systems available to remote users.

When issued manually, the /usr/sbin/exportfs command allows the root user to selectively export or unexport directories without restarting the NFS service. When passed the proper options, the /usr/sbin/exportfs command writes the exported file systems to /var/lib/nfs/xtab. Since rpc.mountd refers to the xtab file when deciding access privileges to a file system, changes to the list of exported file systems take effect immediately.

The following is a list of commonly used options available for /usr/sbin/exportfs:

• -r — Causes all directories listed in /etc/exports to be exported by constructing a new export list in /etc/lib/nfs/xtab. This option effectively refreshes the export list with any changes that have been made to /etc/exports.
• -a — Causes all directories to be exported or unexported, depending on what other options are passed to /usr/sbin/exportfs. If no other options are specified, /usr/sbin/exportfs exports all file systems specified in /etc/exports.
• -o file-systems — Specifies directories to be exported that are not listed in /etc/exports. Replace file-systems with additional file systems to be exported. These file systems must be formatted the same way they are specified in /etc/exports. Refer to Section 9.3.1 NFS Server Configuration File for more information on /etc/exports syntax. This option is often used to test an exported file system before adding it permanently to the list of file systems to be exported.
• -i — Ignores /etc/exports; only options given from the command line are used to define exported file systems.
• -u — Unexports all shared directories. The command /usr/sbin/exportfs -ua suspends NFS file sharing while keeping all NFS daemons up. To reenable NFS sharing, type exportfs -r.
• -v — Verbose operation, where the file systems being exported or unexported are displayed in greater detail when the exportfs command is executed.

If no options are passed to the /usr/sbin/exportfs command, it displays a list of currently exported file systems.

For more information about the /usr/sbin/exportfs command, refer to the exportfs man page.

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• single host — Where one particular host is specified with a fully qualified domain name, hostname, or IP address.
• wildcards — Where a * or ? character is used to take into account a grouping of fully qualified domain names that match a particular string of letters. Wildcards are not to be used with IP addresses; however, it is possible for them to work accidentally if reverse DNS lookups fail.Be careful when using wildcards with fully qualified domain names, as they tend to be more exact than expected. For example, the use of *.example.com as wildcard allows sales.example.com to access an exported file system, but not bob.sales.example.com. To match both possibilities both *.example.com and *.*.example.com must be specified.
• IP networks — Allows the matching of hosts based on their IP addresses within a larger network. For example, 192.168.0.0/28 allows the first 16 IP addresses, from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.15, to access the exported file system, but not 192.168.0.16 and higher.
• netgroups — Permits an NIS netgroup name, written as @<group-name>, to be used. This effectively puts the NIS server in charge of access control for this exported file system, where users can be added and removed from an NIS group without affecting /etc/exports.

In its simplest form, /etc/exports need only specify the exported directory and the hosts permitted to access it, as in the following example:

/exported/directory gunjan.example.com

In the example, gunjan.example.com can mount /exported/directory/. Because no options are specified in this example, the following default NFS options take effect:

• ro — Mounts of the exported file system are read-only. Remote hosts are not able to make changes to the data shared on the file system. To allow hosts to make changes to the file system, the read/write (rw) option must be specified.
• async — Allows the server to write data at non-regular intervals. This setting works best if the exported file system is read-only. If the exported file system is read/write and hosts are making changes to the file system when the server crashes, data can be lost. By specifying the sync option, all file writes are committed to the disk before the write request by the client is completed. The sync option, however, can lower performance.
• wdelay — Causes the NFS server to delay writing to the disk if it suspects another write request is imminent. This can improve performance by reducing the number of times the disk must be accessed by separate write commands, reducing write overhead. The no_wdelay option turns off this feature, but is only available when using the sync option.
• root_squash — Prevents root users connected remotely from having root privileges and assigns them the user ID for the user nfsnobody. This effectively “squashes” the power of the remote root user to the lowest local user, preventing unauthorized alteration of files on the remote server. Alternatively, the no_root_squash option turns off root squashing. To squash every remote user, including root, use the all_squash option. To specify the user and group IDs to use with remote users from a particular host, use the anonuid and anongid options, respectively. In this case, a special user account can be created for remote NFS users to share and specify (anonuid=<uid-value>,anongid=<gid-value>), where <uid-value> is the user ID number and <gid-value> is the group ID number.

Each default for every exported file system must be explicitly overridden. For example, if the rw option is not specified, then the exported file system is shared as read-only. The following is a sample line from /etc/exports which overrides two default options:

/another/exported/directory 192.168.0.3(rw,sync)

In this example 192.168.0.3 can mount /another/exported/directory/ read/write and all transfers to disk are committed to the disk before the write request by the client is completed.

Additionally, other options are available where no default value is specified. These include the ability to disable sub-tree checking, allow access from insecure ports, and allow insecure file locks (necessary for certain early NFS client implementations). Refer to the exports man page for details on these lesser used options.

For further configuration refer NFS Server Configuration part 3

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There are three different ways to configure an Network File System (NFS) server in Linux: using the NFS Server Configuration Tool  (redhat-config-nfs), manually you can editing its configuration file /etc/exports as well as using the /usr/sbin/exportfs command.

In this thread we are configuring Network File System server by using last two option which is file /etc/exports and /usr/sbin/exportfs.

The /etc/exports file defines which file systems are exported to remote hosts/servers and specifies options.Blank lines are ignored and comments can be made by starting a line with the hash mark (#), and long lines can be wrapped with a backslash (\). Each exported file system should be on its own individual line, and any lists of authorized hosts placed after an exported file system must be separated by space characters. Options for each of the hosts/servers must be placed in parentheses directly after the host identifier, without any spaces separating the host and the first parenthesis.

A line for an exported file system has the following structure:

1. <export> <host1>(<options>) <hostN>(<options>)…
2. <export> <host2>(<options>) <hostN>(<options>)…
3. <export> <host3>(<options>) <hostN>(<options>)…

In this structure, replace <export>  with the directory being exported, replace <host1> with the host/server or network to which the export is being shared, and replace (<options> with the options for that host/server or network. Additional hosts can be specified in a space separated list.

To specify host names refer NFS Server Configuration part 2

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By default, the user identity is detect with the UNIX numeric user and group policy. With this scheme, also called AUTH_UNIX, the server basically believes anything that the client sends it.

©2010 Linux Servers cPanel webhosting blog. All Rights Reserved.

©2010 Linux Servers cPanel webhosting blog. All Rights Reserved.

©2010 Linux Servers cPanel webhosting blog. All Rights Reserved.